Selected writing on how AI regulation actually operates across Europe and the Gulf. I publish when there is something worth saying that a law firm alert hasn't already said.
Two years after the EU AI Act passed, companies still struggle with the most critical question: which systems are actually high-risk? The official guidelines reveal why the exemptions are narrower than most assume.
Companies selling AI into Europe and the Gulf typically run two separate compliance projects. The legal frames differ, but the engineering converges. One unified system, built once and mapped to both regimes, costs less and moves faster.
The UAE central bank's February 2026 AI Guidance Note is framed as flexible principles. A close reading shows its force comes from three binding instruments it is wired into, and from the evidence examiners can now ask for.